British+in+Sudan

=__//**Timeline:**//__=

**1881**: First Colonial War Between Anglo-Egyptians and the Mahdist of Sudan.
The beginning of the first colonial war between Anglo- Egyptians (Egypt was Britian's protectorate as of 1880), and the Mahdist of Sudan (Sudanese rebels of the Turko- Egyptian rule) started in 1881. [2] Muhammad Ahmad, leader of the Mahdist, gained support by claiming to be the redeemer of the Islam Faith. Because of the deep resentment of the Imperial system due to heavy taxation, the people of Sudan were quick to revolt. At the Battle of El Obeid, with 40 000 warriors, Muhammad Ahmad defeated the Anglo- Egyptian army thus starting the Mahdist reign in Sudan as of November 1883. This colonial war, the first of two, began the conflicts between the Mahdist and the Egyptians which led to a second colonial war and ulimately the formation of the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium in 1899 by the British-Egyptian administration.[12]

**1899:** Second Colonial War. The British Anglo- Egyptians attack Sudan again. Sudan is now under joint British and Egyptian rule.
In 1899, Sudan experiences a second colonial war between the Anglo-Egyptians and the Mahdist Army. The British decided that they wanted to re-conquer Sudan from the Mahdist. The Anglo-Egyptian army was commanded by Lord Kitchener and it defeated the Mahdist in the Battle of Omdurman. On November 24 1899, Khalifa Abdullah and the remainder of the Mahdist army were wiped out and Sudan fell under Anglo-Egyptian rule. This event was a key aspect in the British-Egyptian rule of Sudan because the second colonial war in Sudan and the defeat of the Mahdist army was what started the rule of the British. It was the start of the rule of the British where the Sudanese government was more stable and new technological advances at the time began to show up in parts of North Sudan but it was also what led to the conflicts between North and South Sudan.[7]

**1899**: Proclomation of the Condominium
On January 19th 1899, Britain and Egypt signed an agreement over the control of Sudan. Since Egypt was occupied by the British at the time, the agreement allowed the British to take control over Sudan and the British framed it as an Anglo-Egyptian rule and administration. The Condominium Agreement between the nations lasted until 1954 when Sudan gained its independence. The agreement was a very important part of Sudan’s history because without the agreement by the British and the Egyptians then Sudan’s government would not have been as stable as it was during the British rule. Much of Sudan’s political and economical institutions were formed because of the British’s interaction with Sudan so without the agreement that allowed the British to take control over Sudan, there is no way ofknowing what could have happened to Sudan.[5]

**1956:** Sudan becomes Independent
On January 1st, 1956 the British granted Sudan independence. At first, Egypt did not want Sudan to become independent but the British government supported the idea. The Egyptian government wanted Sudan to be unified with Egypt because Egypt viewed Sudan as historically connected to it and also so it could keep control over the Nile. Sudan was vital to secure to unimpeded flow of the waters of the Nile River on which Egypt depended on. Eventually though, Egypt agreed with the British to grant Sudan independence. The independence was a very important aspect of Sudan’s history because after independence, Sudan lacked the process needed to progress to a constitutional order which resulted in unrest in South. The civil war that followed in which many people died was partially due to the granting of independence by the British.[2]

**1955-1972:**Civil war
The first Sudanese Civil War, from 1955 to 1972, occurred as a result of the British granting Sudan independence in 1953. Before the British granted Sudan independence, they had favoured North Sudan over South Sudan which contributed to the already intense conflicts between North Sudan and South Sudan. Once granted independence, South Sudan feared that North Sudan would take over and dominate South Sudan which would result in a loss of culture and way of life. As the conflicts between the two nations continued, so did the civil war which lasted 17 years. The first Sudanese Civil War was a significant event in Sudan’s history because it was the first of many conflicts that arose after independence. It highlighted the differences between the two nations because of the way the British treated the two differently. Even though the civil war ended in 1972, another would soon follow starting in 1983 and ending in 2005.[12]

-The Nile was a big part of the reason why the Egyptians wanted control over Sudan. With the control that the British and Egyptians had over the Nile, many merchants and traders passed through Sudan and brought with them knowledge and skills. [12] || -In the first 30 years of the British presence in South Sudan, there was no agreed stategy about how the indigenous people were to be governed. The local customs of South Sudan did not affront the morality of Christian values and the indigenous forms and usages were overlooked by the British.[11] -After the British left, a civil war broke out between North and South Sudan which resulted in many deaths.Half a million people died over the 17 years of war which greatly reduced the overall population of Sudan.[6] -Another civil war followed the first which also resulted in many casualties.[6] || -After being granted independance, Sudan wanted the previous agreements which it thought was unfair to be changed. Instead, Sudan tried to pursue another agreement on the use of the Nile water with Egypt. Eventually, after much debate over what land belonged to whom, Sudan and Egypt agreed on what land they wanted to own and Sudan was committed to the agreement.They were able to make decisions for itself, something that was rare during the British rule. [8] || -When Sudan was granted independence in 1956, Sudan did not have any firm political parties which led to a civil war that took much of the first seventeen years of its political life. Once the British granted independance, the government did not remain as strong. Quickly a new regime was put into place after independance to try and repress the rebellion in the South and to bring the South under the Arab Islamic entity. The new regime however, did not repress the rebellion and instead created more anger and distrust among the southerners.[3] -Sudan has been in war with itself for more than three quarters of its existence between the North and the South. The Second Civil War in Sudan started in 1983 and ended in 2005 while South Sudan was fighting for independence in the southern provinces.[6] || -In the North, the foreign officials were respectful of Islamic traditions and mindful of the religious sentiments in the Muslim world that could easily become a powerful force of political opposition.[11] || -The conditions in South Sudan were very different from the conditions in North Sudan. In South Sudan, the British banned some cultural aspects that were very important to the local Sudanese, and even the British even tried to physically remove Mulsim merchants from South Sudan because of their differing cultures.[11] -The British policy during the Anglo-Egyptian condominium from 1899 to 1955 intensified the rift because the British established seperate administrations for North Sudan and South Sudan. The British forbade the northerners to enter into the South. The northerners, who lacked in familiarity with the southerner's beliefs and ethnic traditions, tried to impose their northern insitutions on the southerners.[3] || -Britain established the world's largest irrigation-based cotton industry in Sudan and the profits gained made British rule in North Sudan a very cost-effective undertaking. Slowly, railway lines started to bne constructed from places of peasant production to the capital. [11] || -Britain continually tried to advance it's economy and to ensure that their control over the sources and length of the Nile remained dominant. As a result, Britain's economy prospered while Sudan had fewer benefits.[11] -While North Sudan was benefiting from British rule, South Sudan remained unwanted by the British but a necessary resource if the British wanted control over the Nile. [11] -As time went on, southern tribes were learning how to grow crops in straight rows and how to unscrew bottle caps, recite the Lord's Prayer, and cover theri bodies in the European fashion. European culture was starting to rub off on South Sudan resulting in a loss of culture.[11] || -The amount of education and knowledge that Sudanese people had grearly increased which also increased the stability of the Sudanese economy.[3] || - Since the British and Egyptians have always favoured the North, the South was always treated differently. For the most part, South Sudan was ignored and left to its own devices. Also, some places in the far west like Darfur were also ignored. Darfur did catch the attention of the British when the British realized they needed more power and control.[3] -Ever since, North Sudan has always been more technologically advanced and more industrialized than South Sudan. The Southerners have always been famers and have not been able catch up to North Sudan technology-wise.[3] || = = =__**References:**__=
 * ===__**Dimension**__=== || ===**__Positive Impacts__**=== || ===__**Negative Impacts**__=== ||
 * Population (What was the impact on the people?) || -During the Anglo-Egyptian rule of Sudan, people migrated to North Sudan because of the new economical improvements made by the British. The technological advancements that North Sudan acquired helped it to attract more merchants and people to come into Sudan during that time.[11]
 * Political Auonomy (Independance) || -While the British were in control, the government was more stable.[7] Even in 1991, years after independence was declared, much of Sudan's political and economical institutions owed their existence to the British.[12]
 * Culture and Language (What changes were there to their way of life?) || -The North was able to keep their language and some aspects of their culture because of the Egyptians that controlled them. [5] Since the Egyptians spoke Arabic, they were more lenient to the North due to them having a common language. [9]
 * Land and Resources (How did the Europeans treat the land?) || -In an attempt to unite the country, Britain sought to modernize Sudan by using technology. The technology was used to facilitate economic development and by establishing democratic institutions to end the authoritarian (dictatorship) rule.[12]
 * Economic Well-Being (Did the economy prosper or suffer for the Indigenous peoples?) || -In the north part of the country, (which was always favoured by the British and the Egyptians) the social and economic progress was significant. There were vast improvements to the education and the infrastructure in the North. People in North Sudan had the opportunity to get a proper European education to learn new ways to make the economy stonger and more stable.[3]
 * 1) Peter Wulff Kåri & Jesper Strudsholm & Anders Jerichow (April 24 2004). //Sudan Timeline//. Retrieved from: []
 * 2) // History in Sudan: 100 Years in brief. // Retrieved from: []
 * 3) Stephanie Schoppert (N.D). //British Condominium in Sudan//. Retrieved from: []
 * 4) (N.D.) //Sudan History//. Retrieved from: []
 * 5) (N.D.) //Culture of Sudan//. Retrieved from: []
 * 6) (January 10th 2012). //A Brief History of Sudan Part I//. Retrieved from: []
 * 7) Gascoigne, Bamber (N.D.). //History of Sudan.// Retrieved from: []
 * 8) Kefyalew Mekonnen. (N.D.) //The Defects and Effects of Past Treaties and Agreements on the Nile River Waters: Whose Faults Were they?.// Retrieved from: [|http://www.ethiopians.com/abay/engin.html#1959]
 * 9) (N.D.). //Egypt – Language, Cultre, Customs and Etiquette//. Retrieved from: []
 * 10) (N.D.).//Information about Sudan//. Retrieved from: []
 * 11) Jorn W. Burton (N.D.) //Development and Culture Genocide in the Sudan.// Retrieved from: []
 * 12) (N.D.) . //Sudan, 1899-1918//. Retrieved from: []