Dutch+in+Indonesia

= Dutch in Indonesia =

The Dutch East Indies was a Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia following World War II. It was formed from the nationalized colonies of the Dutch East India Company, which came under the administration of the Netherlands government in 1800. In ** 1603 **, the Dutch East India Company commenced operations in Indonesia where it fought battles to expand its domain. Though Indonesian history featured other European colonial regimes, it was the Dutch who solidified their hold on the country. After the Company's bankruptcy in ** 1800 **, the Dutch state took control of many islands in Indonesia in ** 1826 **.

The Padri war began in **1803**, prior to Dutch intervention, and was a conflict that had broken out in Minangkabau state between the so called //adat // and //padri //religious factions. But after occupation of the Pagaruyung kingdom by Tuanku Pasaman, one of Padri leaders in **1815**, on **February 21**, **1821**, the Adat faction made a deal with Dutch in Padang to help them to fight Padri factions.

The **Java War** or **Diponegoro War** was fought in Java between ** 1825 ** and ** 1830 **. It started as a rebellion led by Prince Diponegoro. The proximate cause was the Dutch decision to build a road across a piece of his property that contained his parents' tomb. Among other causes was a sense of betrayal by the Dutch felt by members of the Javanese aristocratic families, as they were no longer able to rent land at high prices. Also, the succession of the throne in Yogyakarta was disputed: Diponegoro was the oldest son, but as his mother was not the queen, he did not have any right to succeed his father. The troops of Prince Diponegoro were very successful in the beginning, controlling the middle of Java and besieging Yogyakarta. Furthermore the Javanese population was supportive of Prince Diponegoro's cause, whereas the Dutch colonial authorities were initially very indecisive. However, as the Java war prolonged, Prince Diponegoro had difficulties in maintaining the numbers of his troops. The Dutch colonial army, however, was able to fill its ranks with troops from Sulawesi, and later on from the Netherlands. The Dutch commander, General de Kock, was able to end the siege of Yogyakarta on September 25, ** 1825 **. Prince Diponegoro started a fierce guerrilla war and it was not until ** 1827 ** that the Dutch army gained the upper hand. It is estimated that 200,000 died over the course of the conflict, 8,000 being Dutch. The rebellion finally ended in ** 1830 **, after Prince Diponegoro was tricked into entering Dutch custody near Magelang, believing he was there for negotiations for a possible cease-fire, and exiled to Manado on the island of Sulawesi. Because of the large number of European soldiers who perished in the war, the Dutch government decided to recruit African soldiers in Gold Coast, the so-called "//Belanda Hitam//"

Following this the Dutch state also fought against the natives and then enforced a period of forced labor and indentured servitude until ** 1870 ** when, in ** 1901 **, they adopted the "Dutch Ethical Policy and Indonesian National Revival," which included a somewhat increased investment in indigenous education and modest political reforms. Only in the ** 20th century **, however, was Dutch rule enhanced to what would become Indonesia. Following Japanese occupation during World War II, the Netherlands tried to re-establish their rule, amid a bitter armed and diplomatic struggle that ended in December ** 1949. ** International pressure then forced the Dutch to formally recognized Indonesian independence. = = =**Timeline Events: **=


 * 1511: Portuguese first arrival to Indonesia **

The Portuguese were the first Europeans to ever make contact with the indigenous people in Indonesia. At first the Portuguese were searching for spices and wealth but stumbled upon what is now Republic of Indonesia. However, the Portuguese had colonized and created opportunities for imperialism in Indonesia.It was because the Portuguese made contact with the Indonesians that allowed the Dutch to colonize in Indonesia.


 * End of the 16 century: Dutch's First Contact with the Indonesian **

At first the Dutch did not strive to colonize in Indonesia, only wanting to trade goods with them. When the Dutch had established Dutch East India Company (VOC) and becoming nationwide, the Dutch started to colonize in countries such as Indonesia.This is a significant event because this is impacted the Indonesian's food resource that were taken from by the Dutch and the beginning to the Dutch's colonization in Indonesia.


 * 1602: Dutch East India Company(VOC) **

The Dutch East India Company (VOC) was the first multinational corporation established in 1699. The main goal for the company was to develop trade links for economic goods such as pepper. As time went by the company became more involved in the control and development of their territories. The creation of the Dutch East India Company was a significant event for the Indonesians because they were one of the countries that were forced to give their agriculture products to the Dutch merchants. This then led on to the Dutch creating the Culvitalization system where Indonesian's where to give their agriculture products to the Dutch to sell to Holland. This then led to bad working conditions for Indonesians as well as low payment.

The up rise first began when Pangeran Diponegoro; the leader of the rebellions. Diponegoro was against the Dutch's decision of building a road across from his property that had sacred tombs. Due to many Javanese losing their homes because of this decision, a war began between the Javanese and the Dutch. This is an important event reflecting Indonesians as 7000 of their soldier's died. As well as Pangeran Diponegoro played a very anti Dutch role that resulted in him being one of Indonesia's modern national heroes.
 * Java War (Diponegoro) 1825-1830: **

Economic History
The colonial exploitation of Indonesia's wealth contributed to the industrialization of the Netherlands. The Dutch introduced coffee, tea, cacao, tobacco and rubber and large expanses of Java became plantations cultivated by Javanese peasants, collected by Chinese workers, and sold on overseas markets by European merchants. The profit from the Dutch East Indies made the Netherlands one of the world's most significant colonial powers. The Koninklijke Paketvaart-Maatschappij shipping line supported the unification of the colonial economy and brought inter-island shipping through to Batavia, rather than through Singapore, and focusing more economic activity on Java.

Despite increasing returns from the Dutch system of land tax, Dutch finances had been severely affected by the cost of the Java and Padri Wars, and the Dutch loss of Belgium in 1830 brought the Netherlands to the brink of bankruptcy. In 1830, a new Governor-General, Johannes van den Bosch, was appointed to make the Indies pay their way through Dutch exploitation of its resources. With the Dutch achieving political domination throughout Java for the first time in 1830, it was possible to introduce an agricultural policy of government-controlled forced cultivation. Termed cultuurstelsel in Dutch and tanam paksa (forced plantation) in Indonesian, farmers were required to deliver, as a form of tax, fixed amounts of specified crops, such as sugar or coffee.Much of Java became a Dutch plantation and rose continually through the nineteenth century which was reinvested into the Netherlands saving it from bankruptcy. The Cultivation System (revenue system in the Dutch East Indies that forced farmers to pay revenue to The Netherlands in the form of export crops or employing labor), however, brought much economic hardship to Javanese peasants, who suffered famine and epidemics in the 1840s.

Political Independence

Indonesia was an important part of the Dutch Kingdom, but during World War II Japan seized the islands. Tokyo was interested in Indonesia's oil for their war efforts. Elite and reformers that came form a Dutch school that was to create leaders of a nationalist movement lead the Indonesian revolution. After Japan surrendered in 1945, Sukarno was declared president and establish the Republic of the United States of Indonesia. Queen Juliana of Netherlands in 1949 proclaimed that Indonesia was free of Dutch rule. After Dutch colonialism ended President Sukarno established the guided democracy system. The system of a guided democracy was based on the traditional village system. This village system is based on the discussion and consensus of village elders.

Dutch Imperialism Impacts __ Land and Resources: __

Short term: The cultivation

Between 1840 and 1859, a cultivation system was formed to help the Dutch's capital. Cultivation system is a planned system controlled by the colonial government of cash crop production for export resulted in evolution of plantation industry. Indonesia was then known as the main resource with 60% of their resources being raw products such as rice, fruit, vegetables, coffee, sugar and etc. This allowed the Dutch capital to produce quantities of tropical export goods to Holland for sale profit. The Dutch mistreated peasants for their own gain to allow them to sell their products to Holland. For example, some of the main crops at that time were coffee and sugar where they made a total of 300 million guilder. Many had to leave their villages to work in coffee areas for months to provide coffee services. The villages were given rough temporary shelters near the area of the coffee. Eventually, the Dutch had left Indonesia and moved into another country for raw products.

Long term: With the Dutch in power, they were able to make Indonesians stronger by allowing the country's physical land to enlarge. Allowing more land for the Indonesians that they were still able to use after receiving their independence. Short term: In the 1900 the Dutch started social policy that was called ethical policy. This was where the Dutch strives for social housing, medical care and education. The school was open to large communities where many were able to go to, as a result introduced Dutch culture and mentality to the indigenous people in Indonesia. This then led to a cultural spread in the Indonesia.
 * __Culture and language__**:

Long term: Due to Dutch's influence in their culture and language, Indonesians started using Dutch last names such as as da costa, dias, and gonslave. Although Indonesians first adapted their languages such as Malay, they have also used 20% of Dutch's loan words into their language. Indonesia's culture has shaped through many foreign countries through the past years such as India, Portugal, Spain, Holland and Britain. Location of Indonesia had played a role in the influence of other cultures. Indonesians has been using ancient trading routes between Far East and Middle East for years. This has also resulted in adopting cultures and beliefs such as Hinduism Buddhism, Confucianism, and Islam. Indonesians culture is very complex because different parts of the country have different types of cultural mixture where one part of the country will have more of a influence from the Dutch.

__ Population: __
Long term: Dutch’s colonization has shaped modern Indonesia specifically modern board, national identity and internal security. During Dutch’s colonial control, the Dutch had captured and arrested many of Indonesians independence leaders. The Dutch had destroyed the country physically during the independence struggle. The Dutch had also restricted indigenous people to trading by destroying trading networks that have been around for centuries. Although the Dutch has impacted the Indonesians negatively, there are some positive impacts. One of them being that the Dutch had made the country stronger by providing weapons and other proper tools to fight.

Short term: Sugar Plantation Farmers were forced to give their rice paddies as well as irrigation channels and dykes to the sugar cane fields. Peasants were also to prepare field, plant and tend the crops, harvest and transport to factories. As well as having to carry the product to factories and then labor at the factory. Many of the pheasants had to work for more than 150 days a year on crop. However the payment that the peasants received were very little and there were heavy taxes.

=References= 1) Meyer, Navichoque, Riccardi (2009, March 5) Dutch Colonization in Indonesia Retrieved from @http://weloveindonesia.tumblr.com/

2) Sprague, T. S. (2011, March 30). History of capitalist development in indonesia: Part one - dutch colonisation . Retrieved from @http://www.marxist.com/history-of-capitalist-development-in-indonesia-1.htm

3) H, J. (2012, March). Imperialism in indonesia . Retrieved from @http://imperialisminindonesia.blogspot.ca/

3) Indonesian history. (n.d.). Retrieved from @http://asiarecipe.com/indohiseurope.html

4) Indonesia. (2012). Retrieved from @http://www.everyculture.com/Ge-It/Indonesia.html

5) The age of european imperialism in indonesia and what happened when societies interacted. (2011, October 23). Retrieved from @http://chatwarawannathip.wordpress.com/2011/10/23/the-age-of-european-imperialism-in-indonesia-and-what-happened-when-societies-interacted/

6) Various Authors (2012, Feburary 22). Guided Democracy in Indonesia Retrieved From @http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesia

7)HighBeam Research (2005). Indonesia Retrieved From @http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107634.html?pageno=2